User experiences from the early adopters of heavy-duty zero-emission vehicles in Norway. Barriers and opportunities

Norway’s ambitious climate objectives require large GHG-emission reductions and a large-scale adoption of zero-emission HDVs, by 2030. A transition, from today’s dominance of internal combustion engines and fossil fuels, will require technology and system innovations at many levels. This report gathers experiences from Norwegian early users of battery-electric buses and trucks. Important objectives were to map barriers and opportunities for electrification within these two vehicle segments. The report summarizes results from early phase user experiences (interviews) and technological maturity and adoption of electric vehicles at the Norwegian, European, and global level. We further assess the potential for electrification of freight transport in a shorter and longer term, and compare TCO for different propulsion technologies under different assumptions on technological maturity.