In-vehicle crowding: An overview with suggestions for future work

In-vehicle crowding in public transport systems may call for congestion pricing and other forms of rush-hour demand management in the public transport system. The existence of crowding will increase the economic value of capacity expansion. On the other hand, crowding implies that it is no longer obvious that day-to-day operations should be subsidised. To take account of crowding in cost benefit analyses requires a major revision of the part of the urban transport models that concerns public transport route choice. Provisionally, one will have to make do with some simpler computations outside of the models.