"An offer you can't refuse..." Introduction to the Norwegian urban toll cordon tradition. Alternative finacing schemes for urban transport - Part 1

Norway has a long tradition in toll financing, dating back to 1929. Traditionally, it has been related to isolated projects, such as bridges and tunnels. However, with the introduction of the first European toll cordon around a city centre, in Bergen in 1986, the tide shifted. Today, the 4 largest cities in Norway and several smaller have toll cordons. This report suggests some explanations for the strong increase in urban toll revenues, and the change towards increased use of the revenue for investments in public transport infrastructure. We find that the packages have created their own dynamics and conclude that the scope for legitimacy has been expanded and is now primarily based on a positive outcome for all parties, which not necessarily coincide with efficiency..